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Tampilkan postingan dengan label Learn English. Tampilkan semua postingan

EXPLANATION ABOUT GREETINGS

Good Morning diucapkan sebagai salam (tegur- sapa) pada waktu berjumpa dengan seseorang di pagi hari sampai menjelang tengah hari. Ini dapat disamakan dengan selamat pagi dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Good Morning diucapkan hanya sekali saja dalam sehari terhadap orang yang sama. Biasanaya diucapkan ketika berjumpa untuk pertama kalinya pada hari itu terhadap orang yang telah dikenal. Jika pada hari itu berjumpa lagi, cukup mengucapkan Hello  atau kata tegur-sapa lainnya seperti  Are you going home now? Dan lain sebagainya. Atau dengan senyum dan mengangguk sedikit.

Good Day  yang berarti Selamat siang, sapaan ini sudah jarang dipakai.

Good afternoon diucapkan selewatnya tengah hari sampai menjelang pukul 6 sore. 

Good evening  diucapkan selewatnya pukul 6 sore.

Hello  dapat diucapkan pada setiap waktu (pagi, siang, sore maupun malam). Akan tetapi hanya terhadap teman yang telah dikenal baik saja.  Tapi Good morning  lebih umum diucapkan apabila berjumpa pada pagi hari.


INDIRECT, REPORTED SPEECH (I)



A.      Indirect/reported speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense : He says that ....... This is usual when we are :
(a)    Reporting a conversation that is still going on
(b)   Reading a letter and reporting what it says
(c)    Reading instruction and reporting them
(d)   Reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g. Tom says he’ll never get married.

When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense,  we can report the direct speech withous any change of tense :

PAUL (phoning from the station) : I’m trying to get a taxi. ANN (to Mary, who is                                                 standing beside her) : Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.

B.      But indirect/reported speech is usually introduced by a verb in the pas tense. Verbs in the direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes are shown in the following table.
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple Present Tense
‘I never eat meat,’ he explained.
Simple Past Tense
He explained that he never ate meat.
Present Continuous Tense
‘I’m waiting for Ann,’ he said.
Present Continuous Tense
He said (that) he was waiting  for Ann.
Present Perfect Tense
‘I have found  a flat,’ he said.
Present Perfect Tense
He said (that) he had found  a flat.
Present perfect Continuous Tense
He said, ‘I’ve been waiting for ages’.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
He said he had been waiting  for ages.

If in the sentences there is an adverb or an adverbial phrase of time, the adverb or adverbial phrase of time shoul also be changed. The changes are shown in the following list.
DIRECT
INDIRECT
Today
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next week etc.
Last week/year etc.
A year etc. Ago
Now
Here
this
That day
The day before
Two day before
The next day/the following day
In two days’ time
The following week/year etc.
The previous week/year etc.
A year before/the previous year
Then
There
that


Credit~
(taken from BAHASA INGGRIS 2 by Ichwan Suyudi & Sri Widiati)
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COORDINATE CONJUNCTION in COMPOUND SENTENCES


A compound sentences is a sentence that contains two or more sentences joined into one using a coordinate conjunctions, such as and, or, but, yet, so, for. The following are the examples :
1.       AND (addition)
                Dolphins are friendly animal, and they are also intelligent.
2.       OR (alternation)
                Are you going to the party, or will you stay at home?
3.       BUT (contrast)
                Her cousin moved away, but she stayed in town.
4.       YET (contrast)
                Michelle is a vegetarian, yet she eats chicken.
5.       SO (result)
                 The books were cheap, so I bought all of them.
6.       FOR (cause)
                Thet student failed, for he was very ill this year.


Credit~
(taken from BAHASA INGGRIS 2 by Ichwan Suyudi & Sri Widiati)
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COMMAND and REQUEST



I.                    COMMANDS
Command expressed by the imperative.
A.      The second person imperative
1.       This has the same form as the bate infinitive :
        Hurry!                                   Open the door.

For the negative, we put do not (don’t) before the verb :
        Don’t hurry!                       Don’t open  the door.

2.       The person addressed is very often not mentioned, but can be expressed by a noun placed at the end of the phrase :
        Eat your dinner, boys.                    Be quite, Tom.

These noun can be placed before the verb, but this is much less usual.

B.      The first person imperative
Form :   let us (let’s) + bare infinitive
                Let us stand together in this emergency.

For the negative we normally put not before the infinitive :
                Let us not be alarmed by rumours.

II.                  REQUEST
A.      Request with can/coul/may/might I/we + have + noun/pronoun
Can  is the most informal :
                ‘Can I have a sweet?’ said the little boy.

Can I/we,  when used by adults, sounds more confident than could I/we.

Could I/we is the most generally useful form :
                Could I have a cup of tea?
                Could I  have two tickets, please?

May and might are more formal than could, but possibel in bot spoken and written English.
                May/Might I  have a copy of the letter?

B.      Request with could you
Could you is a very useful request form :
                Could you please show me the way?
Possibly  can be added to show that the speaker is asking for something extra :
                Could you possibly lend me $500?

C.      Request with will/would you (please)
Would you (please)  has the same meaning as could you.
                Would you please/Could you  count your change?
Will you is more authoritative and therefore less polite.
                Will you shut the door?

Credit~
(taken from BAHASA INGGRIS 2 by Ichwan Suyudi & Sri Widiati)
ReUpload ; Hurin Inn 
TAKE WITH FULL CREDIT PLEASE !!! ^^ THANK YOU ~~


ARSITEKTUR SEARCH ENGINE

*Spider--adalah program yang dimiliki oleh search engine yang bekerja untuk mengambil halaman-halaman yang ditemukannya, hampir mirip dengan browser. Perbedaannya adalah jika Spider tidak kelihatan karena ditujukan kepada mesin yang langsung disimpan pada database mereka, sedangkan browser ditujukan kepada manusia yang langsung menampilkan informasi baik berupa teks, gambar, dan sebagainya.


*Crawler--merupakan program yang dimiliki search engine yang bertugas menelusuri setiap link yang ada disebuah website. Tugas Crawler adalah utnuk membantu Spider untuk menentukan arah yang ditujunya sekaligus mengevaluasi link tersebut.

*Indexer--merupakan salah satu komponen search engine yang bertugas untuk mendeskripsikan suatu halaman web site dan menganalisa berbagai unsur di dalamnya, seperti pada penulisan title, penulisan huruf, keyword-keyword yang ada di konten sehingga dengan demikian akan mengenal web tersebut lebih jauh lagi terutama dalam menganalisa suatu keyword didalamnya.

*Database--merupakan komponen search engine yang bertugas sebagai tempat meletakkan data-data sebelumnya yang telah didownload oleh Spider serta sebagai tempat yang tadinya digunakan oleh Indexer dalam menganalisa suatu web.

*Result Engine--merupakan program yang bertugas menggolongkan suatu web site dan menentukan suatu perangkingan dalam hasil pencarian yang diminta oleh user. Program ini menganalisa siapa yang pantas masuk kriteria utama dam pencarian suatu keyword yang diminta oleh pengguna. Data yang pertama muncul tentunya data yang telah memenuhi kriteria-kriteria search engine dan kaidah tertentu yang ditentukan oleh search engine.

*Web Server--merupkan komponen terakhir pada search engine yang berfungsi melayani permintaan kepada user yang merupkan umpan balik dari permintaan user tersebut. Web server merupakan bagian central dan penentu terhadap apa-apa yang diminta oleh user.

Credit~
ReUpload ; Hurin Inn 

TAKE WITH FULL CREDIT PLEASE !!! ^^ THANK YOU ~~