INDIRECT, REPORTED SPEECH (I)

A.      Indirect/reported speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense : He says that ....... This is usual when we are :

(a)    Reporting a conversation that is still going on

(b)   Reading a letter and reporting what it says

(c)    Reading instruction and reporting them

(d)   Reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g. Tom says he’ll never get married.

When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense,  we can report the direct speech withous any change of tense :

PAUL (phoning from the station) : I’m trying to get a taxi. ANN (to Mary, who is                                                 standing beside her) : Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.

B.      But indirect/reported speech is usually introduced by a verb in the pas tense. Verbs in the direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes are shown in the following table.

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple Present Tense ‘I never eat meat,’ he explained.	Simple Past Tense He explained that he never ate meat.
Present Continuous Tense ‘I’m waiting for Ann,’ he said.	Present Continuous Tense He said (that) he was waiting  for Ann.
Present Perfect Tense ‘I have found  a flat,’ he said.	Present Perfect Tense He said (that) he had found  a flat.
Present perfect Continuous Tense He said, ‘I’ve been waiting for ages’.	Past Perfect Continuous Tense He said he had been waiting  for ages.

If in the sentences there is an adverb or an adverbial phrase of time, the adverb or adverbial phrase of time shoul also be changed. The changes are shown in the following list.

DIRECT	INDIRECT
Today Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Next week etc. Last week/year etc. A year etc. Ago Now Here this	That day The day before Two day before The next day/the following day In two days’ time The following week/year etc. The previous week/year etc. A year before/the previous year Then There that

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